1. Exposure of surveying students to the practice of position determination by these methods.
2. Familiarise students with celestial and satellite co-ordinate systems.
3. Familiarise students with the differences between co-ordinates based on ellipsoidal and level surfaces.

Astronomical positioning:
- Introduction to relative movements of earth, sun and stars
- Astronomical co-ordinate systems; time; star almanac; refraction.
- Azimuth determination from sun observations and star observations in detail.
- Latitude and longitude determination in principle, with emphasis on error minimisation.

Satellite positioning:
- Theory of precise positioning using GPS series satellites.
- Practice of precise positioning using GPS series satellites.

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Content covered in courses SURV2180, SURV2340, and SURV3510.

Internal Mode

Problem Based Learning
Field Study
Lecture
Practical
Tutorial

Practical: for 4 hour(s) per Week for 3 weeks
Field Study: for 30 hour(s) per Term for Full Term
Lecture: for 4 hour(s) per Week for 13 weeks