Russia

Article 176. Invalidity of Transaction Concluded by Citizen Limited by Court in Active Capacity

1. A transaction relating to the disposition of property concluded without the consent of the guardian by a citizen limited by a court in active capacity as a consequence of alcohol or drug abuse may be deemed by a court to be invalid upon the suit of the guardian. If such transaction has been deemed to be invalid, the rules provided for by Article 171(1), paragraphs two and three, of this Code shall apply respectively.

2. The rules of this Article shall not extend to petty domestic transactions which a citizen limited in active capacity has the right to conclude on his own in accordance with Article 30 of this Code.

Article 177. Invalidity of Transaction Concluded by Citizen Not Capable to Understand the Purport of His Actions and Directing Them

1. A transaction concluded by a citizen, although having active capacity but at the moment of concluding it being in a state when he was not capable to understand the purport of his actions or to direct them, may be deemed by a court to be invalid upon the suit of this citizen or other persons whose rights or interests protected by law have been violated as a result of the conclusion thereof.

2. A transaction concluded by a citizen who is subsequently deemed to lack active capacity may be deemed by a court to be invalid upon the suit of the trustee if it can be proved that at the moment of concluding the transaction the citizen was not capable of understanding the import of his actions or directing them.

3. If a transaction is deemed to be invalid on the grounds of this Code, the rules provided for by Article 171(1), paragraphs two and three, of this Code shall apply respectively.

Article 178. Invalidity of Transaction Concluded under Influence of Delusion

1. A transaction concluded under the influence of delusion having material significance may be deemed by a court to be invalid upon the suit of the party which acted under the influence of delusion. Delusion as to the nature of a transaction, the identity, or such qualities of its subject which considerably reduce the possibility of using it for its purpose shall have material significance. Delusion as to the motives of a transaction shall not have material significance.

2. If a transaction is deemed to be invalid as concluded under the influence of delusion, the rules provided for by Article 167(2) of this Code shall apply respectively.

In addition, the party upon whose suit the transaction was deemed to be invalid shall have the right to demand from the other party compensation for real damage caused to it if it is proved that the delusion arose through the fault of the other party. If it not proved, the party at whose suit the transaction was deemed to be invalid shall be obliged to compensate the other party at its demand for real damage caused to it even if the delusion arose through circumstances beyond the control of the deluded party.

Article 179. Invalidity of Transaction Concluded Under Influence of Fraud, Coercion, Threat, or Ill- Intentioned Agreement of Representative of One Party with Other Party or Coincidence of Grave Circumstances

1. A transaction concluded under the influence of fraud, coercion, threat, or ill-intentioned agreement between a representative of one party with the other party, as well as a transaction which a person was forced to conclude as a consequence of the coincidence of grave circumstances on conditions extremely disadvantageous for himself which the other party took advantage of (transaction on crushing terms) may be deemed by a court to be invalid upon the suit of the victim.

2. If the transaction was deemed invalid on one of the grounds specified in point 1 of this Article, then the other party shall return to the victim everything received by it under the transaction, and if it is impossible to return that received in kind, the value thereof shall be compensated in money. Property received under a transaction by the victim from the other party, as well as that due to it in compensation for what was transferred to the other party, shall go to the revenue of the Russian Federation. If it is impossible to transfer the property to the revenue of the Russian Federation in kind, the value thereof in money shall be recovered. In addition, the other party shall compensate the victim for real damage caused to it