Dr Olivia Whalen
Lecturer
School of Psychological Sciences
- Email:olivia.whalen@newcastle.edu.au
- Phone:40420237
Realigning the priorities of autism research for real-life benefits
Psychology and child development researcher Dr Olivia Whalen is working side by side with autistic people to ask the questions that really matter. She’s recently established Newcastle’s first neuroadvisory group to increase inclusion.
With a Bachelor of Psychology and a Doctor of Philosophy in Psychology, Olivia has always found people endlessly fascinating.
Her research background is in asthma, child development, mental health and Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander health and education. But today, Olivia’s main focus is autism and ways that autistic people and their families can be better supported from the beginning.
Olivia also looks at the coexistence of physical health issues and autism, in particular asthma and pain, and the parenting experiences of autistic people—areas that are of interest to her personally.
Neurodiversity in numbers
It’s said that in Australia, boys are 3.5 times more likely to be diagnosed with autism than girls.
“We know that women and girls struggle with having their autism identified, with many autistic women not being identified as autistic until adulthood, with some only being identified when seeking diagnoses for their children,” says Olivia.
She thinks this is due to several factors.
“The diagnostic tools for autism were traditionally based on a predominantly male sample. Women and girls camouflage (mask/hide) their autistic traits in social settings more than males by copying body language gestures or forcing eye contact so that they can ‘blend in’.”
“There can also be bias or gendered expectations for what autism should ‘look like’ for boys versus girls that may come into a clinician’s decision to diagnose or someone’s choice to pursue a formal diagnosis,” she continues. “The consequences of this are huge for mental health.”
Importantly, she acknowledges that this only considers sex assigned at birth. There are many sex and gender identity variations in autism that need to be considered, too.
A shift in autism research
Olivia’s interest in autism stemmed from a shift in thinking around research in this area.
“A lot of prior autism research was looking at the biology or causes of autism or designing ‘interventions’ that ‘improved’ the characteristics,” explains Olivia.
“Themes of ‘fixing’, ‘changing’ and ‘curing’ autism through research were common, as was the view that autistic people were inferior to non-autistic people.”
Essentially, there was a huge mismatch between the priorities of autism research and the priorities of people with autism. However, the neurodiversity and autistic self-advocacy movements really challenge these assumptions.
“Recently, there’s been a real, positive shift in autism research to make it more inclusive and respectful and to enhance autistic wellbeing. Researchers are being held accountable to produce real-life benefits for autistic people.”
“We’re being asked questions such as ‘Is your research really helping?’ and ‘What benefit will it have for me?”
This shift in thinking is what excited Olivia. She was eager to work side by side with autistic people, co-producing research together and working in partnership for better outcomes.
From parenting to feeling pain
When it comes to exploring the parenting experience of autistic people as well as physical pain, there’s a lot to learn, Olivia explains.
To date, many studies have looked at the experience of parents of children with autism but not at the experience of autistic parents themselves.
She’s also finding new, neuroaffirming ways of looking at pain. For example, some health practitioners assume that autistic people don’t feel pain or that they don’t respond as strongly as neurotypical people do.
“Underresponding to pain is even part of the diagnostic checklist for autism,” says Olivia. “However, if you talk to any autistic person, you’ll know this is far from true.”
“My research is looking at the autistic experience of certain health conditions, so that we can upskill health practitioners to understand and provide better care for their autistic patients.”
“Often, autistic people are misdiagnosed as their symptoms are misinterpreted, which means they miss out on necessary treatments and supports.”
Newcastle’s first neuroadvisory group
Because she doesn’t have autism herself, Olivia knows that it’s critical that she partners with those with the diagnosis to ensure she’s doing research respectfully and in a way that will benefit.
Along with autistic Professor Jodie Simpson, she’s established Newcastle’s first neuroadvisory group to help guide autism research at the University. The group, comprising autistic and neurodivergent community members, will help set research priorities and co-produce autism research.
“At this stage, we’re seeking funding and asking people who are diagnosed or self-identify as neurodivergent who would like to be a part of the neuroadvisory group to reach out,” says Olivia.
These people will be added to a standby list so that subgroups can be formed for future projects. The subgroups would include different types of people with autism, for example, situational non-speaking, late identified and parents.
They want the group to be a resource for researchers and educators, one where they can present a grant or an idea, some results and get consumer input.
The passion is the people
“Ultimately, I want to do research that matters to people. There’s something very heart-warming about presenting a research idea to an autistic person for the first time and them saying, ‘I wish this had been done years ago’, shares Olivia.
For so many years, autistic people just didn’t get a say in what got researched, she continues. But this is slowly changing.
The hope is that through this new neuroadvisory group, this ability to do research that really matters to autistic people and delivers real-life benefits will be advanced.
Realigning the priorities of autism research for real-life benefits
Psychology and child development researcher Dr Olivia Whalen’s main focus is autism and ways that autistic people and their families can be better supported from the beginning.
Career Summary
Biography
I have a research background in asthma, child development, mental health and Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander health and education initiatives. As an ECR (PhD awarded March 2020), my research experience spans longitudinal and cohort studies, randomised controlled trials, implementation trials and Indigenous research methods. I have an emerging research profile in developmental and applied psychology and I maintain a series of local and national collaborations across several disciplines. During my PhD, I was the Project Manager for the Breathing for Life – Infant Development study, a multi-disciplinary project that assessed the impact of asthma management during pregnancy on maternal mental health and developmental outcomes of infants. I also conduct research on maternal exposure to bushfire smoke and infant outcomes as well as the preschool (2-5 years) developmental follow up of the Breathing for Life – Infant Development cohort. My work in these areas, particularly on the effects of maternal asthma during pregnancy on child cognitive and behavioural development, has been cited in several journal articles and a book chapter, which are designed to increase primary health care providers’ awareness of the comorbidities experienced by pregnant women with asthma and the impacts of maternal asthma during pregnancy on foetal growth and development.
I am also interested and involved in Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander health and education research. I am involved in a study looking at driver licence acquisition in Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander communities and ways of making the licencing process more culturally appropriate and accessible for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people. I am also involved in a study which is developing a culturally safe framework for the clinical care of Aboriginal women with asthma during pregnancy.
In the future, I look to start new research in autism and pain and the parenting experience of autistic parents. Please reach out if you wish to collaborate on these projects.
I also do service work to advocate and make change for disabled academics and students.
Qualifications
- Doctor of Philosophy in Psychology - Science, University of Newcastle
- Bachelor of Psychology, University of Newcastle
Keywords
- Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander education
- Applied and developmental psychology
- Clinical and health psychology
Languages
- English (Mother)
Fields of Research
Code | Description | Percentage |
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520302 | Clinical psychology | 25 |
520101 | Child and adolescent development | 25 |
520199 | Applied and developmental psychology not elsewhere classified | 50 |
Professional Experience
UON Appointment
Title | Organisation / Department |
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Lecturer | University of Newcastle College of Engineering, Science and Environment Australia |
Teaching
Code | Course | Role | Duration |
---|---|---|---|
PSYC1200 |
Foundations of Psychological Practice School of Psychological Sciences, College of Engineering, Science and Environment, University of Newcastle |
Course coordinator | 24/1/2022 - 23/1/2027 |
PSYC1800 |
Sex, Drugs and Serial Killers School of Psychological Sciences, College of Engineering, Science and Environment, University of Newcastle |
Course coordinator | 1/6/2020 - 31/12/2020 |
PSYC1020 Summer |
Psychology Introduction 2 School of Psychological Sciences, College of Engineering, Science and Environment, University of Newcastle |
Course coordinator | 1/2/2020 - 29/2/2020 |
Publications
For publications that are currently unpublished or in-press, details are shown in italics.
Journal article (12 outputs)
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2023 |
Woolard A, Benders T, Campbell LE, Whalen OM, Mallise C, Karayanidis F, et al., 'The relationship between pitch contours in infant-directed speech and early signs of autism in infancy.', Infant Behav Dev, 72 101860 (2023) [C1]
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2022 |
Mallise CA, Murphy VE, Karayanidis F, Armstrong H, Whalen OM, Woolard AJ, et al., 'Parenting stress in mothers with asthma during the postpartum period', Journal of Asthma, 59 2091-2099 (2022) [C1] Objective: Maternal asthma often complicates pregnancy and is linked with poorer quality of life. Additionally, individuals with asthma are at an increased risk of depression and ... [more] Objective: Maternal asthma often complicates pregnancy and is linked with poorer quality of life. Additionally, individuals with asthma are at an increased risk of depression and anxiety. We examined whether asthma during pregnancy is related to parenting stress in the first year postpartum and if this relationship varies with level of asthma control. Methods: This cohort survey-based study included mothers with (n = 157) and without (n = 79) asthma. Mothers with asthma participated in this study following participation in a randomized controlled trial of a novel asthma management strategy during pregnancy. Mothers completed the Parenting Stress Index¿Short Form during the first 12 months postpartum. Mothers with asthma also completed the Asthma Control Questionnaire. Results: Parenting stress did not differ between mothers with and without asthma. Additionally, for mothers with asthma, there were no differences in levels of parenting stress based on asthma control. Conclusions: This study suggests that mothers with asthma are not at an increased risk for excessive parenting stress. However, due to response and sampling bias, levels of parenting stress in asthmatic mothers may be underreported in our sample.
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2022 |
Woolard A, Lane AE, Campbell LE, Whalen OM, Swaab L, Karayanidis F, et al., 'Infant and Child-Directed Speech Used with Infants and Children at Risk or Diagnosed with Autism Spectrum Disorder: a Scoping Review', Review Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 9 290-306 (2022) [C1] Infants diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder (autism) have difficulty engaging in social communication and interactions with others and often experience language impairment. Th... [more] Infants diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder (autism) have difficulty engaging in social communication and interactions with others and often experience language impairment. The use of infant-directed speech (IDS), which is the speech register used when interacting with infants, is associated with infant language and socio-communicative development. The aim of this study was twofold; the first aim was to scope the literature to determine if evidence exists for differences between the IDS caregivers use to infants at high-risk or those later diagnosed with autism, and the IDS typically spoken to neurotypical infants. The second aim was to investigate if any IDS characteristics used by caregivers of high-risk or diagnosed infant populations predicted language development. Twenty-six studies were included and provided evidence that high-risk and later diagnosed infants are exposed to similar amounts of IDS as their neurotypical peers. There is evidence, however, that the IDS used with high-risk and later diagnosed infants may comprise shorter utterances, more action-directing content, fewer questions, more attention bids, and more follow-in commenting. There is also evidence that more attention bids and follow-in commenting used to infants at high risk or those later diagnosed with autism were associated with better language abilities longitudinally.
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2022 |
Lane AE, Simpson K, Masi A, Grove R, Moni MA, Montgomery A, et al., 'Patterns of sensory modulation by age and sex in young people on the autism spectrum', AUTISM RESEARCH, 15 1840-1854 (2022) [C1]
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2022 |
Woolard A, Coleman A, Johnson T, Wakely K, Campbell LE, Mallise A, et al., 'Parent-infant interaction quality is related to preterm status and sensory processing', INFANT BEHAVIOR & DEVELOPMENT, 68 (2022) [C1]
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2021 |
Mallise CA, Lane AE, Murphy VE, Woolard A, Whalen OM, Gibson PG, et al., 'Developmental Profiles of Infants with an Elevated Likelihood of Autism Who Were Born to Mothers with Asthma: a Case Series', Advances in Neurodevelopmental Disorders, 5 473-487 (2021) [C1] Objectives: Differences in the development of autistic children have been observed within the first year of life. Infant siblings of autistic children who are later diagnosed with... [more] Objectives: Differences in the development of autistic children have been observed within the first year of life. Infant siblings of autistic children who are later diagnosed with autism themselves have differences in temperament, social communication, attention, and sensory and motor behaviors by 12¿months of age. However, less is known about the early development of other increased-likelihood groups. Some studies have identified that children born to mothers with asthma have a slightly elevated likelihood of autism. However, no studies have examined other aspects of their early development. Methods: Using a case series design, we profiled the temperament (Carey Temperament Scales), sensory (Sensory Profile 2), and global developmental features (Bayley-III) of seven Australian infants born to mothers with asthma who were screened to have an elevated likelihood of autism (First Year Inventory). Results: We found differences from the norms in temperament across the three timepoints (6¿weeks, 6¿months, and 12¿months), in the domains of rhythmicity, mood, persistence, and distractibility. Infants had typical sensory features at 6¿weeks and 6¿months; however, a sensory-sensitivity subtype was observed at 12¿months. Lastly, at 12¿months, cognitive skills were mostly typical, language skills were underdeveloped, and motor skills varied between infants. Conclusions: Results suggest that there may be a developmental profile indicative of an elevated likelihood of autism in infants born to mothers with asthma. However, due to the small sample size, these findings need to be considered with caution. Further research is needed to confirm diagnoses of autism in our sample.
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2021 |
Mallise CA, Murphy VE, Campbell LE, Woolard AJ, Whalen OM, Milton G, et al., 'Early Sensory and Temperament Features in Infants Born to Mothers With Asthma: A Cross-Sectional Study', Frontiers in Psychology, 12 (2021) [C1] Maternal asthma in pregnancy is associated with an increased risk of adverse perinatal outcomes. Adverse perinatal outcomes may result in poorer infant developmental outcomes, suc... [more] Maternal asthma in pregnancy is associated with an increased risk of adverse perinatal outcomes. Adverse perinatal outcomes may result in poorer infant developmental outcomes, such as temperament and sensory difficulties. This study aimed to (1) assess differences in temperament and sensory features between infants born to mothers with and without asthma and (2) investigate differences in these infant behaviours as a function of maternal asthma severity and asthma control. Mothers completed the Carey Temperament Scales and the Sensory Profile 2 at either 6 weeks, 6 months, or 12 months postpartum. Overall, we observed no significant differences between infants born to mothers with and without asthma in their temperament or sensory features; scores in both domains fell within the normative range. More infants in the asthma group, however, were reported to be highly distractible. When compared with normative data, infants in both groups were reported to have poor predictability of biological functions and fewer infants engaged in low levels of sensory behaviours. Some infants were observed to experience difficulties with hyper-reactivity within several domains. Maternal asthma severity and control during pregnancy were not linked to significant differences between infant temperament and sensory features. The present findings indicate that infants born to mothers with asthma are not at an increased risk overall for temperament or sensory difficulties, compared to control infants. However, a subset of infants across both groups may be at risk for attention or sensory hyper-reactivity difficulties. Further research into the developmental outcomes of infants born to mothers with asthma is warranted.
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2021 |
Harvey SM, Murphy VE, Whalen OM, Gibson PG, Jensen ME, 'Breastfeeding and wheeze-related outcomes in high-risk infants: A systematic review and meta-analysis', AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL NUTRITION, 113 1609-1618 (2021) [C1]
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2020 |
Mallise CA, Lane AE, Woolard AJ, Whalen OM, Murphy VE, Karayanidis F, Campbell LE, 'The temperament features associated with autism spectrum disorder in childhood: A systematic review', Research in Developmental Disabilities, 104 (2020) [C1]
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2020 |
Whalen OM, Campbell LE, Murphy VE, Lane AE, Gibson PG, Mattes J, et al., 'Observational study of mental health in asthmatic women during the prenatal and postnatal periods', Journal of Asthma, 57 829-841 (2020) [C1] Objective: We aimed to examine the prevalence and severity of psychological distress of women with asthma in both the prenatal and postnatal periods, and to determine whether asth... [more] Objective: We aimed to examine the prevalence and severity of psychological distress of women with asthma in both the prenatal and postnatal periods, and to determine whether asthmatic women with and without mental health problems differ in self-management, medications knowledge, and asthma symptoms. Methods: We assessed spirometry performance and asthma symptoms in 120 women (mean age 29.8 years) before 23 weeks gestation, as part of the Breathing for Life Trial (Trial ID: ACTRN12613000202763). Prenatal depression data was obtained from medical records. At 6 weeks postpartum, we assessed general health, self-reported asthma control, depression symptoms (with the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale) and adaptive functioning (with the Achenbach System of Empirically Based Assessment scales). Results: Twenty percent of our sample reported having a current mental health diagnosis, 14% reported currently receiving mental health care, while 47% reported having received mental health care in the past (and may/may not have received a diagnosis). The sample scored high on the Aggressive Behavior, Avoidant Personality, and Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity scales. Poorer self-reported postnatal asthma control was strongly correlated with elevated somatic complaints, externalizing problems, antisocial personality problems, and greater withdrawal. Prenatal spirometry or asthma severity and control were largely not associated with measures of psychopathology. Conclusions: These findings indicate that pregnant women with asthma frequently report issues with psychopathology during the prenatal and postnatal periods, and that the subjective perception of asthma control may be more related to psychopathology than objective asthma measures. However, due to sample bias, these findings are likely to be understated.
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2019 |
Whalen OM, Karayanidis F, Murphy VE, Lane AE, Mallise CA, Campbell LE, 'The effects of maternal asthma during pregnancy on child cognitive and behavioral development: A systematic review', Journal of Asthma, 56 130-141 (2019) [C1] Objective: Maternal asthma during pregnancy is associated with a higher risk of negative perinatal outcomes. However, little is known about the direct effects of maternal asthma o... [more] Objective: Maternal asthma during pregnancy is associated with a higher risk of negative perinatal outcomes. However, little is known about the direct effects of maternal asthma on infant cognitive development. We examined the evidence for an impact of maternal asthma during pregnancy on cognitive and behavioral development of the child. Data sources: We conducted a MEDLINE, PsychINFO, and manual search of the databases for all available studies until January 9th, 2018. Study Selections: Studies were deemed relevant if they included child cognitive and behavioral development as the outcome, with maternal asthma as the determinant of interest. Results: Ten articles matched selection criteria. Some studies report that maternal asthma is associated with increased risk for autism and intellectual disability in children. However, these effects are small and are often eliminated when controlling for confounding variables. Other studies have found no association. The only prospective study found that well-managed asthma during pregnancy was not associated with negative developmental outcomes in children. Conclusions: The evidence suggests that the relationship between maternal asthma during pregnancy and poor developmental and behavioral outcomes of children is weak. Children of mothers with well-managed asthma during pregnancy have similar developmental trajectories to those born to healthy mothers. Prospective, longitudinal studies are needed to confirm these conclusions. Optimal asthma management is important in pregnancy as it may have longer term benefits for the health of the offspring. As the rate of asthma increases in the population, the implications of maternal asthma on child development will be of greater importance.
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Show 9 more journal articles |
Conference (6 outputs)
Year | Citation | Altmetrics | Link | ||
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2022 |
Whalen O, Lane A, Harvey S, Campbell L, Karayanidis F, Murphy V, 'Association between maternal asthma and offspring autism: A systematic review', RESPIROLOGY (2022)
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2021 |
Harvey S, Murphy V, Whalen O, Gibson P, Jensen M, 'BREASTFEEDING AND WHEEZE RELATED OUTCOMES IN HIGH RISK INFANTS: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW AND META-ANALYSIS', RESPIROLOGY (2021)
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2018 |
Whalen O, Karayanidis F, Lane A, Murphy V, Campbell L, 'The effectiveness of a joint attention eye tracking paradigm in measuring social cognition in the first year of life', Brisbane, Australia (2018)
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Show 3 more conferences |
Preprint (1 outputs)
Year | Citation | Altmetrics | Link | |||||
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2023 |
Whalen O, Campbell LE, Lane AE, Karayanidis F, Mallise CA, Woolard AJ, et al., 'Effect of fractional exhaled nitric oxide ( F ENO )-based asthma management during pregnancy versus usual care on infant development, temperament, sensory function and autism signs (2023)
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Grants and Funding
Summary
Number of grants | 5 |
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Total funding | $304,909 |
Click on a grant title below to expand the full details for that specific grant.
20232 grants / $75,000
Exploring the Relationships Between Childhood Asthma and Neurodevelopmental Outcomes$45,000
Funding body: Asthma Australia
Funding body | Asthma Australia |
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Project Team | Associate Professor Vanessa Murphy, Associate Professor Vanessa Murphy, Doctor Olivia Whalen, Miss Paige Dent |
Scheme | PhD Funding |
Role | Investigator |
Funding Start | 2023 |
Funding Finish | 2025 |
GNo | G2300013 |
Type Of Funding | C1700 - Aust Competitive - Other |
Category | 1700 |
UON | Y |
Improving early detection of childhood neurodevelopmental differences using mid-pregnancy biomarkers and infant behaviours$30,000
Funding body: Hunter Medical Research Institute
Funding body | Hunter Medical Research Institute |
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Project Team | Associate Professor Vanessa Murphy, Doctor Olivia Whalen, Associate Professor Linda Campbell, Doctor Katie Baines, Professor Alison Lane |
Scheme | Research Grant |
Role | Investigator |
Funding Start | 2023 |
Funding Finish | 2023 |
GNo | G2300050 |
Type Of Funding | C3300 – Aust Philanthropy |
Category | 3300 |
UON | Y |
20221 grants / $25,000
Bushfire babies: Investigating the neurodevelopmental outcomes in babies born to mothers with asthma exposed to bushfire smoke during pregnancy$25,000
Funding body: Thoracic Society of Australia and New Zealand
Funding body | Thoracic Society of Australia and New Zealand |
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Project Team | Doctor Olivia Whalen |
Scheme | TSANZ Peter Phelan Research Award |
Role | Lead |
Funding Start | 2022 |
Funding Finish | 2023 |
GNo | G2200503 |
Type Of Funding | C3200 – Aust Not-for Profit |
Category | 3200 |
UON | Y |
20212 grants / $204,909
Linking virtual reality with road safety for Indigenous Australians$200,730
Funding body: Department of Infrastructure, Transport, Regional Development and Communications
Funding body | Department of Infrastructure, Transport, Regional Development and Communications |
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Project Team | Doctor Olivia Whalen, Doctor Melissa Freire, Doctor Cassandra Gauld, Professor Kristen Pammer |
Scheme | Road Safety Innovation Fund |
Role | Lead |
Funding Start | 2021 |
Funding Finish | 2024 |
GNo | G2100408 |
Type Of Funding | C1500 - Aust Competitive - Commonwealth Other |
Category | 1500 |
UON | Y |
Project consumables needed to examine genetic and inflammatory pathways from maternal asthma to infant autism$4,179
Funding body: Hunter Medical Research Institute
Funding body | Hunter Medical Research Institute |
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Project Team | Doctor Olivia Whalen |
Scheme | Research Grant |
Role | Lead |
Funding Start | 2021 |
Funding Finish | 2022 |
GNo | G2100205 |
Type Of Funding | C3300 – Aust Philanthropy |
Category | 3300 |
UON | Y |
Research Supervision
Number of supervisions
Current Supervision
Commenced | Level of Study | Research Title | Program | Supervisor Type |
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2024 | PhD | An Exploration of Rough and Tumble Play in Varied Family Structures and Families with Neurodiverse Children | PhD (Psychology - Science), College of Engineering, Science and Environment, The University of Newcastle | Co-Supervisor |
2024 | PhD | Examining the Experiences of Late Diagnosed Neurodivergent Women and Gender Diverse Individuals in Adulthood | PhD (Psychology - Science), College of Engineering, Science and Environment, The University of Newcastle | Principal Supervisor |
2022 | PhD | Exploring the Relationships Between Childhood Asthma and Neurodevelopmental Outcomes. | PhD (Psychology - Science), College of Engineering, Science and Environment, The University of Newcastle | Principal Supervisor |
2022 | PhD | Maternal Inflammation, Risk Of Autism And Neurodevelopmental Outcomes For Babies Of Mothers With Asthma | PhD (Psychology - Science), College of Engineering, Science and Environment, The University of Newcastle | Principal Supervisor |
Dr Olivia Whalen
Position
Lecturer
School of Psychological Sciences
School of Psychological Sciences
College of Engineering, Science and Environment
Contact Details
olivia.whalen@newcastle.edu.au | |
Phone | 40420237 |
Link |
Office
Room | W.345 |
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Building | Behavioural Sciences (W) |
Location | W345 , |